The types of measurements that are possible with an AFM having a thermal probe are:

• Surface Temperature - With both the thermocouple and resistive probe it is possible to measure surface temperature maps
• Surface Thermal Conductivity Maps - With the resistive probe it is possible to measure the cooling of the probe as it traverses a sample. The cooling is proportional to thermal conductivity of the sample.
• Thermal Analysis Maps - A temperature ramp may be applied to the resistive probe. As the probe heats, its vertical motion may be measured as the surface melts, and the transition temperatures may be established.

There are a number of modes that are possible with an AFM that were not covered in the previous sections. The modes and a brief description follow:

An electrochemical cell may be added to an AFM so that electrochemistry experiments can be made in situ. The AFM can then be used to study electrochemical changes in surface properties without the surface being exposed to air. With the addition of a galvanonstat, the surface topography can be investigated as function of the surface potential relative to a reference cell.

FIGURE 4-41 The AFM probe may be used to study samples in an electrochemical cell.